
Fulani fighters, including some who have crossed the border from
Nigeria to Cameroon, have been implicated in some of the conflict’s
deadliest incidents. In February 2020, armed Fulani men alongside
Cameroonian military personnel attacked Ngarbuh village in the Northwest
region and killed 21 civilians, including 13 children. This February, in an unprecedented surge of attacks, armed Fulani raided 18 villages in Nwa subdivision, killing at least 17 people and displacing 4,200 local residents.
In Nigeria, Biafrans battle with the Fulani for ethnic and political
supremacy. Targeted ethnic violence against the Igbos by Fulani and
other northern Nigerian ethnic groups was one of several factors that
led to the civil war in the 1960s. Today, pro-Biafra activists use
incendiary language, referring to the Fulani as “terrorists,” to incite
violence. Across the country, Fulani
have been accused of killing thousands of Nigerians amounting to
“crimes against humanity and genocidal massacres against Christians,” according to Gregory Stanton of Genocide Watch.
Similar communal violence—often following farmer-grazer and ethnic lines—has flared across Mali, Niger, Chad, and Burkina Faso. In recent years, the death toll from ethnic and intercommunal violence has reached unprecedented levels, even exceeding that of violent extremism and terrorism in Mali, according to ACLED. Boko Haram, the Islamic State West Africa Province, and other violent extremist groups also exploit these ethnic tensions for their own gain.
The Ambazonia Defense Forces see the Biafra-Ambazonia alliance as a
critical outlet to end rising Fulani-led attacks. “This is going to be a
very good opportunity for us, because what we see on the field is there
have been some alliances between the Cameroon government and Fulani,”
Daniel, the Ambazonian deputy military leader, said. “So this is very
big for our cause, in our fight against these Fulani, particularly those
who are coming in from Nigeria.”
Despite a shared religion, the increasing involvement of Fulani in
Cameroon’s Anglophone conflict is unlikely to fuse with the Boko Haram
insurgency in the Far North region, and there is no evidence to suggest
there has been a merging of the conflicts thus far, according to Akem
Kelvin Nkwain, a human rights officer at CHRDA.
Even so, a further exacerbation of ethnic tensions involving the
Fulani in Cameroon is likely to have a ripple effect across the region.
“A development in which Fulanis become major actors, for better or for
worse, in a country like Cameroon then gets exacerbated in Nigeria
because of its own demographics and population categorizations,” said
Fomunyoh, of the National Democratic Institute. This “then spreads to
other parts of West Africa where you have populations that identify with
the Fulani or with Peul [another name for ethnic Fulani], and then they
may either feel victimized or pinpointed or isolated or targeted.”
The Biafran and Ambazonian movements are both fractured, and not all
factions support the alliance and rising violence. Spokespeople from the
self-proclaimed Interim Government of Ambazonia, the other major
Anglophone separatist group, and the Customary Government of IPOB have
denounced the alliance and proclaimed that the leaders involved are
“impostors.”
Still, escalating violence in southeastern Nigeria and western
Cameroon will only add to national and regional security challenges at a
time when the region is already struggling with plummeting economies,
democratic backsliding, and a resurgence of violent extremism and
terrorism. Nigeria and Cameroon, both critical international partners in
U.S. anti-terrorism campaigns and once beacons of economic stability in
the region, may be on track to becoming failed states, which would have
a devastating regional and global impact.