![Buhari explains why he didn't hand over to Osinbajo when he travelled in April [ARTICLE] - Pulse Nigeria](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
On Tuesday, President Muhammadu Buhari travelled to the United
Kingdom for a “routine medical check-up”. Expectedly, the news generated
controversies and outrages amongst Nigerians who believe the President
acted immorally and illegally by embarking on a foreign medical trip at a
time the medical sector of the country is in a shameful mess. While a
good number of Nigerians defended the strict constitutional position in
respect of medical trips, holidays and vacations, the Presidency took
turn to state that no law was breached as the President, who they said
can rule from anywhere in the world, acted within the bounds of law. In
this intervention, therefore, a dissection in respect of the legality of
the routine medical tours and the answer to the question: whether the
President can rule from anywhere would be attempted.
First, the failure of the President to transmit power to the
Vice-President when embarking on medical vacation is unconstitutional,
arbitrary, discriminatory and unconscionable. By virtue of Section
145(1)(2) of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria,
2011 as amended, the President is under a constitutional duty to always
transmit power WHENEVER he embarks on medical vacation or any form of
vacation whatsoever. Put simply, the Constitution has made the
transmission of power to the Vice-President a condition precedent to
embarking on medical vacations.
Section 145(1)(2) of the 1999 Constitution unambiguously provides
that: “(1) WHENEVER the President is proceeding on vacation or is
otherwise unable to discharge the functions of his office, he SHALL
transmit a written declaration to the President of the Senate and the
Speaker of the House of Representatives to that effect, and until he
transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary, the
Vice-President shall perform the functions of the President as Acting
President.
“(2) In the event that the President is unable or fails to transmit
the written declaration mentioned in subsection (1) of this section
within 21 days, the National Assembly shall, by a resolution made by a
simple majority of the vote of each House of the National Assembly,
mandate the Vice-President to perform the functions of the office of the
President as Acting President until the President transmits a letter to
the President of the Senate and Speaker of the House of Representatives
that he is now available to resume his functions as President.”
(Emphasis mine)
Instructively, the provisions of this section are very clear,
straightforward and have raised no ambiguity of any sort. Our courts
have consistently maintained that where the wordings of the Constitution
are lucid, direct and unambiguous, the literal canon of constitutional
interpretation should be adopted. The purport of the literal rule is
that words used in a statute should be accorded their grammatical,
plain, ordinary and natural meaning. The judiciary, in fact, cannot
discretionally expand the meaning accorded to words of a statute where
the meaning is plain and the strict adherence to the literal meaning
would not lead to miscarriage of justice. A judge has no business
(re)making law, let alone the executive.
In SKYE BANK v. IWU (2017) LPELR-42595(SC), the Supreme Court, per
Kekere-Ekun JSC, held that “the general rule of interpretation of
constitutional provisions is that where the words used are clear and
unambiguous, they must be given a literal interpretation i.e. they must
be given their ordinary and grammatical meaning”. This, simply, is the
infallible interpretation of the law as handed down to us by the law
lords of the Supreme Court which must be reflected and abided by in the
actions and activities of those in control of governmental machineries.
From the foregoing, it is clear that the President is under a legal
compulsion to always transmit a written declaration to the National
Assembly – transmitting power to the Vice-President – whenever he
embarks on vacation. The Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (7th
Edition) defines “whenever” as “every time that a particular thing
happens”. That is to mean that every time or any time the President is
embarking on vacation, he is compelled to transmit power to the Vice
President by formally informing the National Assembly. Interestingly,
the Constitution makes use of the word “shall” in the Section. As held
by the Supreme Court in the popular case of ENGR. CHARLES UGWU &
ANOR. V. SENATOR IFEANYI ARARUME & ANOR. (2007) LPELR-3329(SC), the
word “shall” when used in a statutory provision imports that a thing
must be done and that when the negative phrase “shall not” is used, it
implies that something must not be done. In other words, the word
“shall” as used in that provision implies compulsion.
This legal duty cannot be exercised discretionally as the President
is duty bound to respect, abide and obey it. The President is subject to
the law and cannot continue to recklessly act as though it is above it.
Any form of disrespect to the provisions of the Constitution, as done
by President Buhari, amounts to an assault on the rule of law and
executive lawlessness. The provisions of the Constitution are too sacred
to be violated arbitrarily by those in charge of power. In MILITARY
GOVERNOR OF LAGOS STATE & ORS. V. OJUKWU & ANOR. (1986)
LPELR-3186(SC), the Supreme Court emphasized the need for the government
to conduct itself within the precinct of the law and the Constitution;
and that is the only way constitutional democracy can work smoothly and
effectively.
Saddened by the obsession of this administration with lawlessness and
impunity, I am compelled to reiterate the provision of Section 1(1) of
the 1999 Constitution that provides that the Constitution is “supreme
and its provisions shall have binding force on the authorities and
persons throughout the Federal Republic of Nigeria”. For a country
governed by law, the disrespect to the laid down laws and rules will
spell nothing other than doom and disaster as the rule of law is the
pillar upon which a democracy stands.
The argument by the President’s media aide, Mallam Garba Shehu that
the President need not hand over power to the Vice-President when his
vacation is less than 21 days is, with profound respect, lame,
misleading, fictitious and cannot be substantiated in law. What the law
simply implies is that the failure to transmit power within 21 days
would clothe the National Assembly with the jurisdiction to declare the
Vice-President as Acting President. That is not to mean that the
President is not under a legal duty to transmit power whenever he is
embarking on vacation. Remember, the operative word here is “whenever”
and not “when he spends over 21 days”. The Presidency must immediately
desist from turning the law upside down in satisfaction of their selfish
political interests. A President that took an Oath under the 7th
Schedule of the Constitution to defend and respect the Constitution
should not be caught making exculpatory rhetorics in defence of shameful
constitutional abuses and executive lawlessness.
The question crying for an answer is: If the President can transmit
power to the Vice President when he embarked on a 10-day vacation in
2017, what stops him from doing the same at a time his vacation lasts
for a fortnight? If the President can do what is right then, what
prevents him from doing the same in 2021? What changed?
On the second issue: Whether the President can rule from anywhere. To
be clear, the President of Nigeria has no such power in law to rule
from anywhere especially during the time he embarks on vacation,
non-official foreign trips or “private visit”. Since Section 145(1) of
the Constitution makes it compulsory for the President to delegate and
temporarily hand over power to the Vice President anytime and every time
he embarks on a vacation, it follows that the President is precluded
from acting as the President of Nigeria on vacation. A President that
ought to transmit power while embarking on vacation cannot validly
exercise Presidential powers from the abroad where he fails to do so.
The intention of the framers of the Constitution is glaring in this
respect; if they had intended that the President should rule from
wherever, the constitutional provision in respect of transmitting power
would have been omitted. In short, the overall essence of transmitting
power is to prevent the exercise of Presidential powers during
vacations. As the Constitution stipulates the transmission of power at
the point of embarking on vacation, a President that goes on vacation
without abiding by the letters of the law is on a frolic of his own
because all acts done during the period as a President is
unconstitutional, null and void and of no effect whatsoever. All acts
done by the President at the time he unlawfully exercises power as
President while on vacation amount to a nullity, sheer waste of time and
zero at the centre of nothing. Indeed, you cannot put something on
nothing and expect that it stands.
Beyond the legalese, however, I think Nigerians really deserve to be
worried at the audacity the current administration has to roguishly
violate the electoral promises with which it rode to power. Recall that
President Muhammadu Buhari promised to put an end to foreign medical
trips for public officials by improving the medical sector when he gets
to power. On getting to power, it took Nigerians no time to see through
the deceit in his promises. The medical sector’s messy state has
deteriorated to the point that while the President enjoys the comfort of
a foreign medical trip, resident doctors in the country are on strike
due to poor welfare packages, unpaid salaries and ineptitude of the
government. In fact, the high number of foreign medical trips embarked
on by the President would tempt one to conclude that the President is
very desperate in outshining any past leader known for medical tourism. I
make bold to say that a government that has failed in its duty to
provide adequate medical care for its people lacks the moral right to
embark on foreign medical tours with the peoples resources. Sadly,
public morality has become a thing of the past in our polity.
Finally, I urge President Buhari to make respect for the rule of law
its foremost priority as a democracy without constitutional governance
hinders peace, progress and unity. With our enormous challenges in 2021
Nigeria, an issue like disrespect to constitutional tenets should not
even be propping up from our public conversation. Worryingly, we have a
government that has grown lust for unconstitutionality and
arbitrariness. At this point, in order to avert further constitutional
crisis in the country, the government must listen attentively to the
voice of reason. We can do better and we must!
Festus Ogun is a lawyer-in-equity and human rights activist. Email: festusogunlaw@gmail.com